How to check if nonce has been used?

In my Rails 3.1.5 application, I am using the ims-lti gem to perform third-party authentication. To perform the authentication, three things must be done:

1. Check that the request signature is correct
2. Check if the timestamp is too old
3. Check that the nonce has not been used

The first two are done, but I am having trouble with the nonce check. Most questions I have found deal with generating nonces in Rails, not checking them.

There are several related questions that use the oauth-plugin gem to check the nonce:

Rails oauth-plugin: multiple strategies causes duplicate nonce error

OAuth signature verification fails

return false unless OauthNonce.remember(nonce, timestamp)

Unfortunately, the oauth-plugin gem hasn't been updated since 2013, and is not compatible with the version of the oauth gem required by the lms-lti gem.

It does not appear that the oauth gem supports validating nonces.

Is there a canned way to check the nonce, whether in native Rails or through a gem, or am I relegated to:

• Creating a nonce table
• Checking that the nonce is not already in the table
• Storing the nonce and timestamp in the table
• Cycling the table to drop entries with an expired timestamp